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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

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Published on: February 23, 2020

Functional connectivity of the posteromedial cortex.

Franco Cauda1, Giuliano Geminiani, Federico D'Agata

  • 1CCS fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy.

Plos One
|October 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The posteromedial cortex (PMC) has distinct functional modules involved in brain networks. These PMC regions connect to networks for self-referential processing, visuo-spatial guidance, and attention control.

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Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
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Published on: October 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Functional Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The posteromedial cortex (PMC) is crucial for baseline brain functioning and the default mode network (DMN).
  • Distinct connectivity patterns suggest functional specialization within the PMC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize distinct functional modules within the human PMC.
  • To investigate the specific involvement of PMC subregions in the DMN and other functional networks.

Main Methods:

  • Unsupervised voxelwise ROI-based clustering of resting-state functional connectivity data.
  • Analysis of functional connectivity in 17 healthy volunteers.
  • Confirmation using ROI-based parcellation.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct functional clusters were identified within the PMC.
  • Each cluster exhibited unique connectivity patterns with cortical regions, including those in the DMN.
  • Progressive shifts in connectivity were observed from anterior to posterior and dorsal to ventral PMC regions.
  • Specific PMC subregions were linked to visuo-spatial guidance, attentional control, self-referential processing, and visual networks.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first systematic, unsupervised voxelwise parcellation of the human PMC based on resting-state functional connectivity.
  • Findings reveal functional specialization within the PMC, with distinct subregions contributing to different cognitive functions and brain networks.
  • The ventral retrosplenial PMC plays a key role in self-referential processing and autobiographical memory, overlapping significantly with the DMN.