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Introduction Cardiac Emergencies

Introduction Cardiac Emergencies

Cardiac emergencies are critical situations involving the heart that require immediate medical intervention to prevent severe complications or death. These emergencies often arise from underlying heart conditions that impair the heart's ability to function correctly.Types of Cardiac EmergenciesThe most common types of cardiac emergencies include Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest, and heart failure.Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation III: AED Use

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation III: AED Use

Introduction to AEDAn Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a portable medical device that analyzes the heart's rhythm and, if necessary, delivers an electrical shock to help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). SCA occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating, leading to a loss of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. In such emergencies, time is of the essence, and using an AED, combined with Cardiopulmonary...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Pediatric Animal Model of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Prolonged Circulatory Arrest

Pediatric Animal Model of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Prolonged Circulatory Arrest

Published on: May 26, 2023

Cardiac arrest in children.

Erika E Tress¹, Patrick M Kochanek, Richard A Saladino

¹University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Critical Care Medicine, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 152 60, USA.

Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock

|October 9, 2010

Summary

Recent advances in pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) include better understanding of CA phases and post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Hypothermia is a recommended therapy for comatose patients following CA.

Keywords:

Cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation emergency medicine pediatrics

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Cardiology
Resuscitation Science

Background:

The last decade has seen significant progress in pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) research.
Key developments include the pediatric Utstein guidelines and multicenter collaborations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review landmark articles on pediatric CA from the past decade.
To present current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of pediatric CA.

Main Methods:

Review of landmark articles published in the last decade concerning pediatric cardiac arrest.
Synthesis of current knowledge on pediatric CA epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Main Results:

Epidemiology and pathophysiology of in-hospital and out-of-hospital pediatric CA are well-described.
The concept of "post-cardiac arrest syndrome" and its four phases has been proposed.
Hypothermia is recommended for comatose patients post-CA, with ongoing large-scale studies.

Conclusions:

Significant advancements have been made in understanding and managing pediatric cardiac arrest.
Current knowledge supports defined treatment goals for the four phases of post-cardiac arrest syndrome.
Further research, including multicenter prospective studies, is crucial for optimizing outcomes.