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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency: how can it be improved through nuclear remodeling and reprogramming?

Kristin M Whitworth1, Randall S Prather

  • 1Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.

Molecular Reproduction and Development
|October 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Achieving fertile offspring via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) requires precise nuclear reprogramming and suitable embryonic development conditions. Cloning efficiency remains low, necessitating further research into improving reprogramming techniques.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technique in cloning.
  • Successful SCNT requires nuclear reprogramming and proper embryonic development.
  • Current cloning efficiency remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the procedures and critical events in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
  • To discuss nuclear remodeling and reprogramming processes during cloning.
  • To explore techniques for improving the efficiency of SCNT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SCNT procedures.
  • Analysis of nuclear remodeling and reprogramming mechanisms.
  • Discussion of methods to enhance cloned embryo development.

Main Results:

  • SCNT success depends on donor nucleus status, oocyte cytoplasm, stimulation, and culture environment.
  • Significant changes occur in the donor nucleus post-transfer, but understanding is incomplete.
  • Cloning remains inefficient despite advancements in understanding nuclear reorganization.

Conclusions:

  • Improving SCNT efficiency requires optimizing nuclear reprogramming and developmental conditions.
  • Further research into protein reorganization and other SCNT aspects is needed.
  • Enhancing the development of cloned embryos is crucial for successful SCNT.