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Related Concept Videos

Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

Memory and consciousness: trace distinctiveness in memory retrievals.

Lionel Brunel1, Ali Oker, Benoit Riou

  • 1Université Lumière Lyon 2, Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC), EA 3082, 5 Avenue Pierre Mendès France, Bron cedex, France. lionel.brunel@univ-lyon2.fr

Consciousness and Cognition
|October 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Memory retrieval depends on how distinct a memory trace is and the task used. Distinctiveness aids memory access, influencing conscious (explicit) recall.

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
11:30

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Classical dissociation distinguishes implicit and explicit memory retrieval.
  • Understanding the factors influencing these dissociations is crucial for memory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide experimental evidence explaining memory retrieval dissociations.
  • To investigate the roles of task dependency and trace distinctiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulated memory trace isolation (partial vs. global) using an isolation paradigm.
  • Assessed memory retrieval across tasks of increasing complexity: lexical decision, recognition, and free recall.

Main Results:

  • Distinctiveness effects varied with isolation level and task type.
  • Trace distinctiveness significantly impacted memory access and retrieval type.

Conclusions:

  • Trace distinctiveness enhances memory access.
  • The level of trace distinctiveness determines the potential for conscious, explicit retrieval.