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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
09:32

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Published on: January 26, 2016

Errors in film refractive-index determinations from interference fringes.

W J Moore

    Applied Optics
    |October 12, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Calculating optical film properties using interference fringes can be inaccurate if the refractive index changes. The common equation yields errors outside the expected range, even for non-linear index changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Interference fringes (channel spectra) in optical films are used for refractive index and thickness determination.
    • Standard equations rely on assumptions about refractive index constancy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the accuracy of common equations for determining optical film properties when the refractive index varies.
    • To identify and quantify errors introduced by changing refractive indices.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of interference fringe patterns in transmission or reflection spectroscopy.
    • Application of the common equation n = 1/(2tΔv) to derive film properties.

    Main Results:

    • The standard equation yields refractive index values significantly outside the expected range when the index is changing.

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
    09:32

    Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

    Published on: January 26, 2016

    Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy
    09:43

    Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

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    Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes
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  • This error is substantial and not limited to linear wavelength dependence of the refractive index.

    • Conclusions:

    • The common equation for refractive index calculation from interference fringes is unreliable for films with variable refractive indices.
    • Accurate determination requires methods that account for refractive index dispersion.