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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Gravity between Spherical Bodies01:27

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
This assumption can be proved easily by showing that the expression for gravitational potential energy between a hollow sphere of mass (M) and a point mass (m) is the same as it would be for a pair of extended...
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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Published on: February 13, 2018

Mirages with atmospheric gravity waves.

W H Lehn, W K Silvester, D M Fraser

    Applied Optics
    |October 12, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Temperature inversions support low-frequency gravity waves. These atmospheric waves create complex mirage structures, including cyclic images with significant variations, impacting optical observations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Wave phenomena

    Background:

    • Superior mirages are optical phenomena caused by temperature inversions in the atmosphere.
    • Atmospheric temperature inversions can support gravity waves (buoyancy waves) with very low frequencies and long wavelengths.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the optical characteristics of single-mode gravity waves propagating in a four-layer atmospheric model.
    • To investigate how different gravity wave scales influence mirage formation and appearance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing ray tracing techniques to calculate image formation.
    • Simulating wave propagation within a defined four-layer atmospheric structure.

    Main Results:

    • Short-wavelength gravity waves introduce fine structural details to static mirages.
    • Long-wavelength gravity waves generate cyclic mirage images that exhibit notable deviations from a baseline image.
    • Observed field phenomena of cyclic mirages are replicated by the model.

    Conclusions:

    • Gravity waves significantly alter the appearance of atmospheric mirages beyond static representations.
    • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding complex mirage variations caused by atmospheric wave dynamics.