Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

Other Nuclides: ³¹P, ¹⁹F, ¹⁵N NMR

Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a high...

Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).

Fast Reactions

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Triarylselenonium triflates provide efficient access to no-carrier-added <i>ortho</i>-, <i>meta</i>-, and <i>para</i>-[<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoroarenes.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Deoxyradiofluorination of Phenols via a Difluoromethoxy Nucleofuge Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis.

ACS central science·2026

Same author

Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [<sup>11</sup>C]GNE-0877 as a Potential PET Radioligand for Imaging Brain Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Subanesthetic doses of ketamine to rats and monkeys rapidly increases radioligand binding in brain to phosphodiesterase-4, an indirect marker of cAMP.

Translational psychiatry·2026

Same author

Corrigendum to 'Synthesis and investigation of substituted 1,5-diaryl-1H-1,2,4-triazoles for the discovery of <sup>18</sup>F-labeled probes for imaging brain cyclooxygenase-1' [Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2025, 118523].

European journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Plasma p-tau217 predicts PET-based pathological staging for precision Alzheimer disease assessment.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

¹⁸F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

Published on: January 11, 2020

Fluorine-18 chemistry in micro-reactors.

Shuiyu Lu¹, Joong-Hyun Chun, Victor W Pike

¹Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3 C346, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA.

Journal of Labelled Compounds & Radiopharmaceuticals

|October 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microfluidic technology enhances radiofluorination chemistry, optimizing radioligand production. This study details applications in synthesizing key compounds like [(18)F]fallypride using micro-reactors.

More Related Videos

Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays

Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays

Published on: February 12, 2021

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[¹⁸F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

¹⁸F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

Published on: January 11, 2020

Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays

Optimization of Radiochemical Reactions using Droplet Arrays

Published on: February 12, 2021

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[18F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Radiosynthesis of 1-(2-[¹⁸F]Fluoroethyl)-L-Tryptophan using a One-pot, Two-step Protocol

Published on: September 21, 2021

Area of Science:

Radiochemistry
Chemical Engineering
Nuclear Medicine

Background:

Radiofluorination is crucial for producing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents.
Traditional methods can be time-consuming and require large amounts of radioactive material.
Microfluidics offers potential for faster, more efficient, and safer radiochemical syntheses.

Purpose of the Study:

To present recent applications of micro-reactor technology in radiofluorination chemistry.
To optimize radioligand production using microfluidic systems.
To explore specific radiofluorination reactions including diaryliodonium salts and esterification.

Main Methods:

Utilized a simple T-shaped glass micro-reactor and a more advanced microfluidics instrument.
Investigated [(18)F]fluoride ion exchange with xenon difluoride.
Performed esterification using [(18)F]2-fluoroethyl tosylate.
Synthesized radioligands [(18)F]fallypride, [(18)F]FBR, and [(18)F]SL702.

Main Results:

Demonstrated successful radiofluorination of diaryliodonium salts using microfluidics.
Achieved efficient [(18)F]fluoride ion exchange and esterification reactions.
Successfully synthesized target radioligands [(18)F]fallypride, [(18)F]FBR, and [(18)F]SL702.

Conclusions:

Microfluidics technology is a viable and effective tool for radiofluorination chemistry.
Micro-reactors enable optimized reaction conditions and efficient radioligand production.
This approach holds promise for advancing the synthesis of PET imaging agents.