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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...

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Related Experiment Video

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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Tim3 binding to galectin-9 stimulates antimicrobial immunity.

Pushpa Jayaraman1, Isabel Sada-Ovalle, Sarah Beladi

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim3) interaction with galectin-9 (Gal9) on macrophages restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. This interaction activates macrophages and promotes IL-1β secretion, highlighting Tim3

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Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes
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Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes
11:48

Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes

Published on: May 31, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim3) is a known negative regulator of T helper 1 (T(H)1) responses, preventing excessive inflammation.
  • Its role in autoimmunity is established, but its function in antimicrobial immunity remains unexplored.
  • T(H)1 cells are crucial for combating intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Tim3 in antimicrobial immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Tim3 influences macrophage response to infection.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of T(H)1 cells expressing Tim3 with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages.
  • Analysis of Tim3-galectin-9 (Gal9) interaction.
  • Assessment of macrophage activation markers and IL-1β secretion.
  • Measurement of intracellular bacterial growth.

Main Results:

  • Tim3 on T(H)1 cells interacts with Gal9 expressed by M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages.
  • This interaction activates macrophages and enhances their bactericidal activity.
  • Macrophage activation is mediated by caspase-1-dependent IL-1β secretion.
  • The Tim3-Gal9 pathway restricts intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Conclusions:

  • The Tim3-Gal9 axis plays a critical role in host defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
  • This pathway represents a novel mechanism for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
  • Tim3 signaling on T(H)1 cells contributes to macrophage-mediated immunity and limits pathogen replication.