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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Menstrual disturbances in various thyroid diseases.

Yoko Kakuno1, Nobuyuki Amino, Maki Kanoh

  • 1Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan.

Endocrine Journal
|October 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid dysfunction, particularly severe hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, can increase the risk of menstrual disturbances like secondary amenorrhea and hypomenorrhea. However, overall prevalence in thyroid disease patients is not significantly different from healthy controls.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is common and can affect various bodily functions.
  • Menstrual disturbances are frequently reported but their prevalence in thyroid disease requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively examine the prevalence of menstrual disturbances in patients with various thyroid conditions.
  • To compare the prevalence of menstrual disturbances between different thyroid disease severities and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective examination of 586 patients with hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), 111 with hypothyroidism, 558 with euthyroid chronic thyroiditis, 202 with painless thyroiditis, and 595 with thyroid tumor.
  • Comparison with 105 healthy controls.
  • Analysis of specific menstrual disturbances including secondary amenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and irregular menstrual cycles.

Main Results:

  • Overall prevalence of menstrual disturbances did not differ between the total patient group and healthy controls.
  • Severe hyperthyroidism showed higher rates of secondary amenorrhea (2.5%) and hypomenorrhea (3.7%) compared to mild/moderate cases (0.2% and 0.9%).
  • Severe hypothyroidism exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of menstrual disturbances (34.8%) than mild-moderate cases (10.2%).

Conclusions:

  • Menstrual disturbances in thyroid dysfunction are less frequent than previously assumed.
  • Severity of thyroid dysfunction, particularly severe hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, is associated with an increased prevalence of specific menstrual disturbances.
  • Further research may elucidate the precise mechanisms linking thyroid hormone levels to menstrual cycle regulation.