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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
Published on: February 29, 2020
Social perception as induction and inference: an integrative model of intergroup differentiation, ingroup favoritism,
Theresa E DiDonato1, Johannes Ullrich, Joachim I Krueger
1Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Maryland, 4501 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. tedidonato@loyola.edu
Abstract:
Three general properties of social stereotypes are the perception of differences between ingroups and outgroups (intergroup differentiation), the perception of ingroups as having more desirable attributes than outgroups (ingroup favoritism), and the greater accuracy of ingroup perceptions (differential accuracy). We present and test an inductive-reasoning model that accounts for all 3 phenomena, and we explicate the relations among them. Based on empirical evidence, the model assumes that most people have a positive self-image, that they project these self-images more strongly to ingroups than to outgroups, and that their self-images are valid cues for judgments about social groups. Two minimal-group experiments using a crossed-categorization paradigm support the model and provide new evidence for underlying psychological processes.
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