Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 8, 2026
A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients
Published on: May 16, 2025
Visual and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training integrated with auditory step rhythm for walking performance of
Jin-Seop Kim1, Duck-Won Oh, Suhn-Yeop Kim
1Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu Universit, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
To compare the effect of visual and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training on walking performance and to determine the clinical feasibility of incorporating auditory step rhythm into the training.
Design:
Randomized crossover trial.
Setting:
Laboratory of a Department of Physical Therapy.
Subjects:
Fifteen subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis.
Intervention:
Four locomotor imagery trainings on walking performance: visual locomotor imagery training, kinesthetic locomotor imagery training, visual locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm.
Main Outcome Measures:
The timed up-and-go test and electromyographic and kinematic analyses of the affected lower limb during one gait cycle.
Results:
After the interventions, significant differences were found in the timed up-and-go test results between the visual locomotor imagery training (25.69 ± 16.16 to 23.97 ± 14.30) and the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm (22.68 ± 12.35 to 15.77 ± 8.58) (P < 0.05). During the swing and stance phases, the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training exhibited significantly increased activation in a greater number of muscles and increased angular displacement of the knee and ankle joints compared with the visual locomotor imagery training, and these effects were more prominent when auditory step rhythm was integrated into each form of locomotor imagery training. The activation of the hamstring during the swing phase and the gastrocnemius during the stance phase, as well as kinematic data of the knee joint, were significantly different for posttest values between the visual locomotor imagery training and the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:
The therapeutic effect may be further enhanced in the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training than in the visual locomotor imagery training. The auditory step rhythm together with the locomotor imagery training produces a greater positive effect in improving the walking performance of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis.
