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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
Buffer Systems in the Body01:19

Buffer Systems in the Body

Chemical buffers play a critical role in the body's regulation of pH levels. These systems contain one or more compounds that stabilize pH changes by neutralizing strong acids or bases. When pH levels drop, hydrogen ions bind to a weak base; when pH levels rise, hydrogen ions are released. This dynamic process helps maintain pH within a narrow and stable range essential for normal physiological function.
A typical buffer system in bodily fluids includes a weak acid and its corresponding anion,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
10:24

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

Cytosolic Ca2+ buffers.

Beat Schwaller1

  • 1Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. beat.schwaller@unifr.ch

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|October 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium (Ca2+) buffers are proteins that regulate intracellular Ca2+ signals. These buffers, alongside other proteins, maintain Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling within cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cytosolic Ca(2+) signals are transient and affect cellular processes.
  • Ca(2+) buffers are proteins that bind Ca(2+) and modulate these signals.
  • Examples include parvalbumins, calbindin, and calretinin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of Ca(2+) buffers in intracellular Ca(2+) signaling.
  • To understand how Ca(2+) buffers contribute to Ca(2+) homeostasis.
  • To explore potential Ca(2+) sensor functions of Ca(2+) buffers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Ca(2+) binding proteins.
  • Analysis of the functional interplay between Ca(2+) buffers and other Ca(2+) regulatory proteins.
  • Discussion of Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of gene expression for these proteins.

Main Results:

  • Ca(2+) buffers significantly influence the temporal and spatial dynamics of intracellular Ca(2+) signals.
  • Some Ca(2+) buffers may possess Ca(2+) sensor capabilities beyond buffering.
  • Ca(2+) buffers are integral components of a larger network regulating Ca(2+) signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Ca(2+) buffers are crucial for precise Ca(2+) signal regulation and homeostasis.
  • Cellular Ca(2+) signaling relies on a coordinated network of channels, transporters, pumps, and buffers.
  • Expression of these components is likely Ca(2+)-dependently regulated to ensure robust signaling.