Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Are Patients with Psychogenic Movement Disorders More Likely to be Healthcare Workers?

Movement disorders clinical practice·2019

Same author

Practice patterns of US neurologists in patients with SPMS and PPMS: A consensus study.

Neurology. Clinical practice·2018

Same author

SSRI-associated bruxism: A systematic review of published case reports.

Neurology. Clinical practice·2018

Same author

Unihemispheric cerebral vasculitis: Case report and review of literature.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2016

Same author

The Natural History of Acute Recovery of Blast-Induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series During War.

Military medicine·2016

Same author

Association of reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) with Anti-VGKC autoantibody syndrome: a case report.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2016

Same journal

Narcolepsy: clinical approach to etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

Same journal

Orofacial pain following an invasive dental procedure.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

Same journal

An update on the diagnosis and management of dementing conditions.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

Same journal

The neurology of decreased activity: abulia.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

Same journal

Progressive personality and language changes in a 62-year-old woman.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

Same journal

A rare cause of headache.

Reviews in neurological diseases·2012

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

Multiple system atrophy.

Jason S Hawley¹, Bradley J Robottom, William J Weiner

¹Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Reviews in Neurological Diseases

|October 15, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease often misdiagnosed as Parkinson disease. Early diagnosis and understanding its varied symptoms are crucial for managing this rare condition.

More Related Videos

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurology
Autonomic nervous system disorders

Background:

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder.
It presents with diverse initial symptoms, often leading to misdiagnosis.
Parkinsonian features, autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, and corticospinal deficits characterize advanced MSA.

Observation:

Patients with MSA are frequently misdiagnosed with Parkinson disease.
The condition progresses over time, affecting multiple neurological systems.
Recognizing the distinct clinical and diagnostic signs is essential.

Findings:

This article reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of MSA.
It details the clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
Current treatment options for MSA are limited.

Implications:

Improved diagnostic accuracy for MSA is needed.
Further research into MSA pathophysiology may reveal therapeutic targets.
Understanding MSA's complexity aids in patient management and care.