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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics
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Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Published on: April 17, 2017

Probing nucleic acid-ion interactions with buffer exchange-atomic emission spectroscopy.

Max Greenfeld1, Daniel Herschlag

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Methods in Enzymology
|October 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Buffer exchange-atomic emission spectroscopy (BE-AES) offers a new way to study nucleic acid ion atmospheres. This technique accurately measures all ions, overcoming limitations of older methods for biochemical and biophysical studies.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • The ion atmosphere surrounding nucleic acids significantly influences their biochemical and biophysical characteristics.
  • Studying this ion atmosphere is challenging due to its inherent diffuse and dynamic nature.
  • Existing analytical techniques possess limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and directness for assaying ion atmospheres.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Buffer Exchange-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (BE-AES) as a novel technique for analyzing nucleic acid ion atmospheres.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional methods in quantifying ions associated with nucleic acids.
  • To demonstrate the capability of BE-AES in providing a comprehensive analysis of ionic environments.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of Buffer Exchange-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (BE-AES).
  • Utilizing BE-AES to achieve a complete accounting of all ions within the ionic atmosphere of nucleic acids.
  • Applying the technique to study ions at thermodynamic equilibrium.

Main Results:

  • BE-AES provides a complete quantification of ions in the nucleic acid ionic atmosphere.
  • The technique surpasses the sensitivity, specificity, and directness limitations of prior methods.
  • Demonstrated successful application beyond nucleic acids to site-bound ions in RNA and proteins.

Conclusions:

  • BE-AES is a powerful and versatile technique for the detailed study of ion atmospheres.
  • This method enhances the understanding of nucleic acid properties by accurately characterizing their ionic environment.
  • The applicability of BE-AES extends to studying bound ions in other biomolecules like RNA and proteins.