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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Videos

New insights into thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Brenda M Acosta¹, Antonio C Bianco

¹Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1450 NW 10 Avenue #3054, Miami, FL 33136 USA.

F1000 Medicine Reports

|October 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Levothyroxine monotherapy is standard for hypothyroidism, but some patients remain dissatisfied. Combined therapy may benefit individuals with a specific genetic variation, suggesting personalized medicine approaches in thyroidology.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Genetics
Pharmacogenomics

Background:

Levothyroxine monotherapy is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism.
A significant portion of patients (around 10%) report dissatisfaction with levothyroxine monotherapy.
Combined levothyroxine-triiodothyronine therapy is an alternative considered for some patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential benefits of combined levothyroxine-triiodothyronine therapy in hypothyroidism.
To explore the role of genetic variations in patient response to thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Main Methods:

A large prospective study was conducted.
Analysis focused on the association between treatment outcomes and the Thr92Ala polymorphism in the type 2 deiodinase gene.

Main Results:

The benefit of combined levothyroxine-triiodothyronine therapy was found to be associated with the Thr92Ala polymorphism.
This specific genetic polymorphism is present in approximately 15% of the general population.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that genetic factors influence the efficacy of thyroid hormone replacement therapies.
Personalized medicine approaches, guided by genetic information, show promise for optimizing hypothyroidism treatment.