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Related Concept Videos

Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

N-acetylglucosamine: production and applications.

Jeen-Kuan Chen1, Chia-Rui Shen, Chao-Lin Liu

  • 1Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining & Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi, Taiwan.

Marine Drugs
|October 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) production is explored using chitin and glucose substrates. This review details chemical, enzymatic, and microbial methods, highlighting GlcNAc

Keywords:
N-acetylglucosaminecarbohydratechitin

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Published on: May 19, 2012

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Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
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GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil
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GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

Published on: May 19, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Industrial Biotechnology

Background:

  • N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a key monosaccharide derived from chitin, the second most abundant natural polymer.
  • GlcNAc is integral to vital biomolecules like hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate found on cell surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss industrial production methods for N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).
  • To introduce novel methods for GlcNAc synthesis using glucose in engineered microorganisms.
  • To explore the diverse applications and future potential of GlcNAc as a functional material.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical degradation of chitin to yield GlcNAc.
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin for GlcNAc production.
  • Biotransformation processes utilizing chitin or glucose as substrates.
  • Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for de novo GlcNAc synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Established chemical, enzymatic, and biotransformation routes for GlcNAc production from chitin.
  • Development of innovative microbial platforms for GlcNAc synthesis from glucose.
  • Identification of GlcNAc's potential beyond its role as a chitin monomer, emphasizing its functional material properties.

Conclusions:

  • Diverse and scalable methods exist for industrial GlcNAc production.
  • Genetically modified microorganisms offer a sustainable alternative for GlcNAc synthesis.
  • GlcNAc presents significant opportunities as a versatile functional material across various industries.