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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Harmonic publication and citation counting: sharing authorship credit equitably - not equally, geometrically or arithmetically.

Scientometrics·2010
Same author

Credit for coauthors.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2009
Same author

Harmonic allocation of authorship credit: source-level correction of bibliometric bias assures accurate publication and citation analysis.

PloS one·2008
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Harvesting and Disaggregation: An Overlooked Step in Biofilm Methods Research
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Deconstructing doctoral dissertations: how many papers does it take to make a PhD?

Nils T Hagen1

  • 1Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, Bodø, Norway.

Scientometrics
|October 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Doctoral dissertations increasingly use coauthored papers, but authorship credit lacks clear guidelines. Harmonic counting accurately measures credit, revealing a median of 1.6 papers per dissertation, and suggests a need for standardized PhD program benchmarks.

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Area of Science:

  • Bibliometrics
  • Doctoral Education
  • Scientific Publishing

Background:

  • Coauthored papers are standard for natural and biomedical science PhDs.
  • Current PhD guidelines lack consensus on authorship credit allocation.
  • Existing methods for counting authorship credit have biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify authorship credit for PhD graduates using harmonic counting.
  • To establish a bibliometric baseline for contemporary PhD scientific productivity.
  • To analyze shifts in PhD publication requirements over time.

Main Methods:

  • Harmonic counting applied to dissertations from two Scandinavian universities (2008).
  • Analysis of authorship credit partitioning between PhD candidates and coauthors.
  • Comparison of current data with historical census data.

Main Results:

  • A median of approximately 1.6 undivided papers per dissertation was identified.
  • The baseline for requisite scientific productivity has shifted over two decades.
  • Decreased papers per candidate and increased coauthors per paper contribute to the shift.

Conclusions:

  • Harmonic counting provides accurate, unbiased authorship credit measurement.
  • Establishing and monitoring bibliometric benchmarks can improve PhD program quality assurance.
  • Standardized guidelines are needed for transparent transnational quality assurance in doctoral programs.