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Related Concept Videos

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents01:13

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary or tertiary), vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides to carboxylic acids with one additional carbon than the starting RMgX.
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups


Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction02:00

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction

Grignard reagents are one of the most commonly used reagents used to synthesize alcohols from carbonyl compounds. Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides with a highly polar carbon–magnesium bond. Due to the partial ionic nature of the C–Mg bond, the carbon functions as a strong nucleophile and attacks electrophiles like carbonyl carbon.
Magnesium from the reagent coordinates with carbonyl oxygen, further reducing the carbonyl carbon's electron density. Thus, the carbonyl carbon is a...
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
10:23

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Preparation of covalently functionalized graphene using residual oxygen-containing functional groups.

Min-Chien Hsiao1, Shu-Hang Liao, Ming-Yu Yen

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Directly functionalizing graphene via ring-opening reactions preserves its structure, enhancing stability. This method avoids defects common in free radical functionalization, yielding stable graphene dispersions.

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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
07:24

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene fabrication via thermal exfoliation often leaves residual epoxide groups.
  • Covalent functionalization is crucial for tailoring graphene properties and applications.
  • Traditional free radical functionalization can introduce structural defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a direct ring-opening reaction for covalently functionalizing graphene.
  • To compare the defect profile and stability of directly functionalized graphene with traditional methods.
  • To assess the impact of functionalization on graphene's structural integrity and thermal stability.

Main Methods:

  • Thermal exfoliation of graphene.
  • Direct ring-opening reaction with amine-bearing molecules.
  • Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability assessment.
  • Dispersion stability tests in organic solvents.

Main Results:

  • Amine-bearing molecules were successfully covalently grafted onto graphene via epoxide ring-opening.
  • Characterization confirmed covalent attachment without significant additional surface damage.
  • Graphene dispersions exhibited long-term homogeneous stability.
  • Direct functionalization resulted in fewer defects compared to free radical methods.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability for both grafted molecules and graphene.

Conclusions:

  • Direct ring-opening functionalization is an effective method for covalently modifying graphene.
  • This approach preserves graphene's intrinsic structure, minimizing defects and enhancing stability.
  • The improved structural integrity translates to superior thermal stability and stable dispersions for practical applications.