Neuroprotection induced in vitro by ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning: modulation of apoptosis and...

Preconditioning and postconditioning are mild ischemic exposures before or after severe injurious ischemia, respectively, that elicit endogenous neuroprotective responses. Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection through preconditioning and postconditioning are not completely understood. Here we optimized the in vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) models of preconditioning and postconditioning in primary cortical neuron cultures that allow the studies of the corresponding molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection. We found that the cortical cells preconditioned with a single 45-min OGD treatment administered 24 h prior to injurious 2 h OGD were robustly protected after both 3 h and 16 h of reperfusion. For the postconditioning treatment, we found that three cycles of 15 min OGD followed by 15 min reperfusion, applied immediately after injurious 2 h OGD and prior to complete reperfusion, resulted in effective neuroprotection at both 3 h and 16 h of reperfusion. Using real-time RT-PCR arrays focused on genes of the apoptosis and PI3K-Akt pathways, we found that injurious OGD mainly induced apoptosis-related and repressed PI3K-Akt pathway-related genes after either 3 h or 16 h of reperfusion. Preconditioning treatment resulted in the activation of both pro-survival and anti-apoptotic pathways after 3 h of reperfusion and mainly anti-apoptotic pathway after 16 h of reperfusion. In contrast, the activation of PI3K-Akt pathway mainly contributed to the neuroprotective effect by the postconditioning treatment after 3 h of reperfusion, but differential gene expression likely contributed minimally, if at all, to the neuroprotection observed after 16 h of reperfusion. Among the novel markers of neuroprotection, Nol3 gene upregulation was observed after 3 h of reperfusion following either preconditioning or postconditioning treatments and after 16 h of reperfusion following preconditioning treatment.