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Related Concept Videos

Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Hybrid Zones02:29

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.Gene flow and natural selection are evolutionary mechanisms that shape the outcome of a hybrid zone. Gene flow...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
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Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2022

Surveying selenium speciation from soil to cell--forms and transformations.

Bente Gammelgaard1, Matthew I Jackson, Charlotte Gabel-Jensen

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. bg@farma.ku.dk

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|October 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores dietary selenium species and their metabolism in mammals. It covers food/supplement availability and analytical methods for tracking selenium transformations in organisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Selenium is an essential trace element with diverse biological roles.
  • Understanding selenium bioavailability and metabolism is crucial for human health.
  • Current knowledge on dietary selenium species and their metabolic fate requires comprehensive evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available selenium species in food and supplements for the general population.
  • To evaluate the metabolism of these selenium species in mammals.
  • To assess analytical methodologies for selenium speciation.

Main Methods:

  • Horizontal speciation: Identifying selenium metabolites in yeast, plants, and animals.
  • Vertical speciation: Studying dynamic selenium compound conversions within biological systems.
  • Analytical chemistry evaluation: Assessing sample preparation, separation, and detection methods.

Main Results:

  • Identified various selenium species in common dietary sources.
  • Detailed metabolic pathways of selenium in mammalian systems.
  • Evaluated advancements in analytical techniques for selenium speciation.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary selenium species vary, impacting bioavailability.
  • Mammalian selenium metabolism is complex, involving horizontal and vertical transformations.
  • Improved analytical methods enhance the understanding of selenium dynamics.