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Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb
04:50

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb

Published on: January 17, 2025

Primary biliary cirrhosis.

Douglas L Nguyen1, Brian D Juran, Konstantinos N Lazaridis

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. nguyen.douglas@mayo.edu

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
|October 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease affecting women, likely caused by genetics and environment. While ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a treatment, some patients need further options.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb
04:50

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb

Published on: January 17, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic, autoimmune liver condition predominantly affecting women.
  • The etiology of PBC is thought to involve a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
  • Diagnosis relies on cholestatic liver disease markers, anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) positivity, and liver biopsy findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).
  • To discuss diagnostic criteria and the primary medical treatment for PBC.
  • To highlight the limitations of current therapy and the need for further research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for PBC.
  • Evaluation of Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) efficacy and limitations.

Main Results:

  • PBC diagnosis requires meeting at least two of three specific criteria.
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the sole FDA-approved treatment, dosed at 13-15 mg/kg/day.
  • Approximately one-third of PBC patients exhibit an inadequate response to UDCA, potentially necessitating liver transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is crucial to understand the genetic and environmental influences on PBC development and progression.
  • Investigating the reasons for variable clinical response to UDCA is essential.
  • Exploring alternative therapeutic strategies for non-responsive PBC patients is warranted.