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Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...

Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
The average BP in an adult is typically around 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). In this measurement, the numerator (120) indicates the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart's ventricles as blood is expelled. The denominator (80) represents the diastolic...

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...

Special considerations while measuring blood pressure

Special considerations while measuring blood pressure

When assessing blood pressure (BP), healthcare professionals must consider various factors and potential unexpected outcomes to ensure accurate readings and provide proper patient care. Adhering to these guidelines is essential to achieving the most reliable results.
Monitoring Both Arms:
Monitoring BP in both arms during the initial assessment is advisable, as the systolic value may differ by five to ten mm Hg between arms. For subsequent BP assessments, use the arm with the higher reading.

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart beats)...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Racial differences among children with primary hypertension.

Tammy M Brady¹, Barbara Fivush, Rulan S Parekh

¹Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 200 N Wolfe St, 3062, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. tbrady8@jhmi.edu

|October 20, 2010

Summary

African American children with primary hypertension show higher cardiovascular risk, particularly those over 13. Overweight/obesity and left ventricular hypertrophy are prevalent in all youth with hypertension, necessitating increased prevention efforts.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

Pediatric Cardiology
Hypertension Research
Racial Disparities in Health

Background:

Race is a significant risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease in adults, influencing blood pressure (BP) in children.
Primary hypertension in children is a growing concern, necessitating research into contributing factors and risk stratification.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate racial differences in clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic characteristics among children diagnosed with primary hypertension.
To determine if these differences vary based on age stratification.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 184 children (3-20 years) with primary hypertension was analyzed at initial evaluation.
Participants were categorized as African American (AA) or non-AA (nonblack).
Comparisons were made for the entire group and stratified by age (<13 or ≥13 years).

Main Results:

African American (AA) children exhibited higher rates of overweight/obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy, and elevated plasma renin activity compared to non-AA children.
These disparities were significant in children younger than 13.
In children aged 13 and older, AA children had significantly higher casual and ambulatory blood pressure measurements, including diastolic BP and BP loads.

Conclusions:

Black children with primary hypertension face a higher cardiovascular risk than their nonblack counterparts.
The high prevalence of overweight/obesity and left ventricular hypertrophy across all youth with primary hypertension underscores the urgent need for enhanced preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Targeted interventions are crucial to mitigate cardiovascular risk in this vulnerable pediatric population.