Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

Malaria

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

Symbiosis

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...

Transmission of Pathogens

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ranked placement of phage predation as a determinant of dehydration severity among cholera patients in Bangladesh.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Molecular Methods to Detect <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> and Associated Bacteriophages among Diarrheal Patients in Bangladesh.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Predictors of Morbidity and Mortality of Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction.

Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ·2025

Same author

Association of Air Flow Limitation Severity with eGFR in Stable COPD Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ·2025

Same author

Ranked placement of phage predation as a determinant of dehydration severity among cholera patients in Bangladesh.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Same author

Cholera rapid diagnostic tests at the host-microbe interface: Key Considerations for Global Deployments.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Published on: August 6, 2020

Kala azar in Pregnancy.

M T Miah¹, F M Ayaz, M Maniruzzaman

¹Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ

|October 20, 2010

Summary

Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) treatment for Kala azar (KA) in pregnant women resulted in high abortion rates, particularly in early to mid-pregnancy. Researchers recommend avoiding SAG during early and mid-pregnancy due to these risks.

More Related Videos

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Published on: December 30, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Measuring Naturally Acquired Phagocytosis-Inducing Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Parasites by a Flow Cytometry-Based Assay

Published on: August 6, 2020

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Ex vivo Culture of Human Placental Explants for the Study of Viral Transmission Across the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Tropical Medicine
Obstetrics
Pharmacology

Background:

Kala azar (KA) is a significant tropical disease, with pregnancy posing unique challenges.
Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) is the registered treatment for KA in pregnant women in Bangladesh.
Limited data exists on the safety and outcomes of SAG treatment during pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the obstetric outcomes of pregnant patients treated with Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) for Kala azar (KA).
To assess the safety of SAG in treating KA during different stages of pregnancy.

Main Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted in Fulbaria, a KA endemic area in Bangladesh.
Data from 16 pregnant women diagnosed with KA between 2005 and 2009 were analyzed.
Outcomes were compared based on gestational age at the time of treatment.

Main Results:

11 out of 16 pregnant patients experienced abortion, predominantly between the 16th and 22nd week of gestation.
Abortions occurred around the 22nd to 24th day of SAG treatment.
The remaining 5 patients in their 30th to 34th week of pregnancy had favorable obstetric outcomes.
All 16 patients achieved clinical cure for KA.

Conclusions:

Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) may induce abortions in early to mid-pregnancy.
SAG is not recommended for treating Kala azar (KA) in early or mid-pregnancy.
Further research is needed on the safety of SAG in late pregnancy and its effects on neonates.