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Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Limbic encephalitis in children and adolescents.

E Haberlandt¹, T Bast, A Ebner

¹Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinical Department of Pediatrics IV, Division of Neuropediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Innsbruck, Austria.

Archives of Disease in Childhood

|October 21, 2010

Summary

Limbic encephalitis, though rare in children, shares adult disease characteristics. Early immunotherapy may improve outcomes for pediatric patients with this autoimmune neurological disorder.

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

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Published on: July 24, 2016

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Neurology
Immunology
Pediatrics

Background:

Limbic encephalitis is uncommon in individuals under 18 and often lacks a formal diagnosis.
The condition presents with a clinico-radiological syndrome affecting limbic areas.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presentation and outcomes of pediatric patients with limbic encephalitis.
To identify specific neuronal autoantibodies (Abs) associated with the condition in this age group.

Main Methods:

Retrospective study of 10 patients (<18 years) diagnosed with limbic encephalitis over 3.5 years.
Involved 12 European neuropaediatric and neurological departments.
Neuronal autoantibodies were determined in specialized labs; MRI confirmed mediotemporal encephalitis.

Main Results:

Median age at onset was 14 years; 8 patients had defined autoantibodies (GAD Abs, VGKC Abs, Hu Abs, Ma1/2 Abs).
A neuroblastoma was found in one patient with Hu Abs.
After a median of 15 months follow-up with immunotherapy, 2 patients recovered, 8 remained impaired, and 1 died.

Conclusions:

Pediatric limbic encephalitis mirrors adult forms, suggesting similar pathogenic mechanisms.
Most cases were non-paraneoplastic, necessitating evaluation of more aggressive immunotherapies.
Improved treatment strategies are crucial for better patient outcomes.