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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
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Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

Published on: January 19, 2019

Drug interactions should be evaluated in patients.

C V Fletcher1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. cfletcher@unmc.edu

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|October 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Drug development studies, including drug-drug interactions, need to involve patients. Extrapolating findings from healthy volunteers is unreliable for clinical practice.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Drug Development
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug development traditionally involves healthy volunteers before patient studies.
  • Current drug-drug interaction (DDI) study designs often lack clinical relevance.
  • Extrapolation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from healthy volunteers to patients is not always reliable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for the inclusion of patients in drug-drug interaction studies.
  • To emphasize the need for clinically relevant DDI study designs.
  • To improve guidance for healthcare professionals on safe and effective dosing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current drug development and DDI study methodologies.
  • Analysis of the limitations in extrapolating data from healthy volunteers to patient populations.

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A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
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A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
15:04

Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation

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A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
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A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

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  • Assessment of the clinical utility of existing DDI study designs.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant limitations exist in applying healthy volunteer data to predict patient responses to drug-drug interactions.
    • Current DDI study designs frequently do not reflect real-world clinical scenarios.
    • A gap exists in providing actionable DDI information for individual patient care.

    Conclusions:

    • Drug-drug interaction studies must incorporate the intended patient population.
    • Study designs should prioritize clinical relevance and direct applicability to patient care.
    • Improved DDI data in patients is crucial for guiding safe and effective pharmacotherapy.