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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method
07:18

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

Persisting water droplets on water surfaces.

Ivan S Klyuzhin1, Federico Ienna, Brandon Roeder

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Highly purified water droplets exhibit delayed coalescence, floating for milliseconds before stepwise merging. Factors like electrostatic charge and droplet size significantly influence this phenomenon.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Liquid droplets can remain on surfaces for extended periods before merging.
  • Understanding delayed coalescence is crucial for various physical and chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of delayed coalescence in highly purified water.
  • To identify factors influencing droplet float times and coalescence behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Releasing millimeter-sized droplets from a nozzle onto a purified water surface.
  • Observing and recording droplet behavior, including float times and coalescence patterns.
  • Analyzing the effects of parameters like electrostatic charge, droplet size, pressure, and motion.

Main Results:

  • Droplets exhibited float times up to hundreds of milliseconds.
  • Coalescence occurred in a stepwise manner, with up to six distinct steps observed.
  • Electrostatic charge, droplet size, sideways motion, and reduced pressure significantly affected droplet lifetime and coalescence steps.
  • Series releases revealed abrupt changes in float times.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed coalescence in purified water is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple physical factors.
  • A stepwise coalescence mechanism, involving periods of stability, was identified.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanism of noncoalescence.