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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing
08:12

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

Published on: March 13, 2013

Scheme for x-ray tracing in capillary optics.

A Kuczumow, S Larsson

    Applied Optics
    |October 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces trigonometric equations for deterministic X-ray tracing in capillaries, determining reflectivity and gain factors. These findings also apply to neutron and proton guiding in narrow pipes.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • X-ray optics and beam manipulation are crucial for various scientific applications.
    • Deterministic X-ray tracing requires accurate models for beam propagation in confined geometries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive trigonometric equations for deterministic X-ray tracing in capillaries.
    • To analyze the impact of capillary shapes on X-ray beam characteristics.
    • To extend the applicability of the derived equations to other particle guiding scenarios.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a theoretical framework based on trigonometric equations.
    • Modeling of X-ray propagation through various capillary geometries.
    • Calculation of key optical parameters such as reflectivity and gain.

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    Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo
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    Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo

    Published on: October 2, 2021

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    Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

    Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing
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    Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

    Published on: March 13, 2013

    Single Plane Illumination Module and Micro-capillary Approach for a Wide-field Microscope
    08:53

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    Published on: August 15, 2014

    Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo
    12:54

    Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo

    Published on: October 2, 2021

    Main Results:

    • A set of trigonometric equations for deterministic X-ray tracing in capillaries was successfully derived.
    • Reflectivity coefficients, gain factors, and angular beam divergence were determined for different capillary shapes.
    • The model demonstrated applicability to neutron and proton guiding in narrow pipes.

    Conclusions:

    • The derived trigonometric equations provide a robust method for deterministic X-ray tracing in capillaries.
    • The approach offers insights into optimizing capillary designs for enhanced beam control.
    • The findings have broader implications for particle beam guiding in various scientific and technological fields.