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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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T Cell Types and Functions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method
16:07

Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method

Published on: September 16, 2017

New developments on the TNFα-mediated signalling pathways.

Swaminathan Sethu1, Alirio J Melendez

  • 1Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Bioscience Reports
|October 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a key cytokine in inflammatory diseases. Understanding its complex signaling pathways is crucial for developing new treatments for TNFα-associated disorders.

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Determination of the Relative Potency of an Anti-TNF Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) by Neutralizing TNF Using an In Vitro Bioanalytical Method
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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine central to inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
  • TNFα regulates critical cellular processes including inflammation, immune response, cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis.
  • TNFα initiates cellular responses by binding to its receptors, triggering intracellular signaling cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex signaling pathways mediated by TNFα.
  • To understand the roles and cross-talks of various intracellular mediators in TNFα-induced responses.
  • To identify potential molecular targets for novel therapeutics in TNFα-associated disorders.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on analyzing the intracellular signaling mediators downstream of TNFα.
  • Investigated TNF receptor-associated DD (TRADD)-dependent and -independent pathways.
  • Examined the roles of caspases, MAPKs, phospholipid mediators, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in TNFα signaling.

Main Results:

  • TNFα signaling involves a complex network of intracellular mediators, including caspases, MAPKs, phospholipid mediators, and miRNAs.
  • Both TNF receptor-associated DD (TRADD)-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to TNFα-induced survival and apoptotic signals.
  • The precise roles and interactions among these signaling mediators in specific functional responses require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating the intricate signaling network of TNFα is essential for understanding inflammatory diseases.
  • Identifying the cross-talk among signaling mediators can reveal novel therapeutic targets.
  • This research aims to facilitate the development of new treatments for TNFα-associated disorders and inflammation management.