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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Imaging Initial Ca2+ Microdomains in Primary T Cells
05:56

Imaging Initial Ca2+ Microdomains in Primary T Cells

Published on: October 4, 2024

Signaling microdomains in T cells.

Kaushik Choudhuri1, Michael L Dustin

  • 1Helen L and Martin S Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.

FEBS Letters
|October 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary

T cell microclusters are crucial signaling platforms. This review explores their formation, signaling mechanisms, and role in T cell receptor (TCR) signal integration and termination.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Sub-micron signaling domains in cell plasma membranes are vital for signal transduction.
  • In T cells, T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters form upon agonist stimulation, acting as transient signaling platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of signaling within T cell microclusters.
  • To explore mechanisms of microcluster formation, signaling, and regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of T cell signaling and microcluster dynamics.
  • Analysis of TCR engagement and cortical actin reorganization roles.

Main Results:

  • TCR microclusters are essential for initiating and sustaining T cell signaling.

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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Imaging Initial Ca2+ Microdomains in Primary T Cells
05:56

Imaging Initial Ca2+ Microdomains in Primary T Cells

Published on: October 4, 2024

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
16:10

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
10:31

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

  • Microcluster formation involves TCR engagement and actin dynamics.
  • These domains integrate, amplify, and terminate TCR signaling.

    • Conclusions:

    • Understanding microcluster formation and regulation is key to T cell function.
    • Microclusters are dynamic hubs for signal integration and amplification.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms governing microcluster signaling.