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Related Concept Videos

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry01:22

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
These...
Immunogold Electron Microscopy01:20

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.
Immunofluorescence Microscopy01:12

Immunofluorescence Microscopy

A fluorescence microscope uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which can absorb energy from a light source and then emit this energy as visible light. Fluorochromes include naturally fluorescent substances (such as chlorophylls) and fluorescent stains that are added to the specimen to create contrast. Dyes such as Texas red and FITC are examples of fluorochromes. Other examples include the nucleic acid dyes 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange.
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Histological-Based Stainings Using Free-Floating Tissue Sections
06:45

Histological-Based Stainings Using Free-Floating Tissue Sections

Published on: August 25, 2020

Immunohistology--past, present, and future.

Trishe Y-M Leong1, Kumarasen Cooper, Anthony S-Y Leong

  • 1Victorian Cytology Service, Melbourne, Australia.

Advances in Anatomic Pathology
|October 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is vital for cancer diagnosis, but requires standardization for personalized medicine. Further research into IHC mechanisms and quantitative assays is imperative for accurate results.

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a morphology-based technique crucial for diagnosing diseases, especially cancer.
  • Advancements in detection systems and antibodies have expanded IHC applications to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.
  • Heat-induced antigen retrieval has significantly improved IHC, making it indispensable for morphologic diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the need for standardization in immunohistochemistry (IHC) due to the rise of personalized medicine and targeted cancer therapies.
  • To examine variables influencing antigen detection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, particularly preanalytical factors.
  • To highlight the imperative for developing quantitative IHC assays and understanding fundamental mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of variables affecting antigen preservation in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.
  • Analysis of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors influencing IHC staining.
  • Discussion of the role of national and international organizations in standardization.

Main Results:

  • Many variables, especially in the preanalytical phase, are beyond the control of the accessioning laboratory.
  • While analytical factors can be standardized, fixation and antigen retrieval mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Standardization of postanalytical processes like threshold and cut-off values is necessary and achievable through collaborative efforts.

Conclusions:

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is evolving into a quantitative assay, serving as a surrogate marker for genetic abnormalities.
  • A deeper understanding of IHC mechanisms is crucial for developing reliable quantitative assays.
  • IHC provides detailed localization patterns, adding significant value to morphologic diagnosis beyond routine stains.