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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

[Do opioids induce hyperalgesia?].

C Zöllner1

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Zentrum für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Deutschland. c.zoellner@uke.de

Der Anaesthesist
|October 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Opioids effectively treat pain but can paradoxically worsen it, a condition known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia. This review explores the mechanisms and clinical relevance of this heightened pain sensitivity during opioid therapy.

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Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Area of Science:

  • Pain research
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Context:

  • Opioids are primary analgesics for acute and chronic pain.
  • Emerging evidence indicates opioids can paradoxically increase pain sensitivity, termed opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is characterized by increased pain sensitivity or a lower pain threshold during opioid treatment.

Purpose:

  • To comprehensively review clinical research on opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • To discuss proposed molecular mechanisms underlying opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • To explore the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia during continuous opioid use versus withdrawal.

Summary:

  • This review synthesizes current clinical research on opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • It examines molecular mechanisms, including opioid withdrawal and tolerance, that may contribute to opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • The current state of knowledge and clinical significance of opioid-induced hyperalgesia are summarized.

Impact:

  • Clarifies the paradoxical pain-enhancing effects of opioids.
  • Provides insights into the mechanisms of opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
  • Highlights the clinical relevance of understanding opioid-induced hyperalgesia for pain management.