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Related Concept Videos

Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip
13:34

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Published on: September 29, 2012

Signalling pathways involved in ribonuclease-7 expression.

Imran Mohammed1, Aaron Yeung, Asiya Abedin

  • 1Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|October 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Ribonuclease (RNase)-7, an antimicrobial peptide, is found on ocular surfaces and increases during inflammation. Its expression is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), not NF-κB signaling, during ocular surface infection.

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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip
13:34

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Published on: September 29, 2012

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
09:04

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are crucial for host defense at epithelial surfaces.
  • Ribonuclease (RNase)-7 is an AMP with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
  • RNase-7's role in ocular surface inflammation and its regulatory pathways are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the localization and regulation of RNase-7 expression in ocular surface cells.
  • To identify the specific signal transduction pathways involved in RNase-7 induction by interleukin-1β (IL-1β).

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry to determine RNase-7 protein localization.
  • Stimulation of ocular surface cells with IL-1β.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of key signaling pathways: transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38.
  • Quantitative analysis of RNase-7 expression.

Main Results:

  • RNase-7 protein is localized to the superficial layers of ocular surface cells.
  • IL-1β stimulation increases RNase-7 expression.
  • Inhibition of MAPKs significantly reduced RNase-7 expression induced by IL-1β.
  • Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway did not affect IL-1β-induced RNase-7 expression.

Conclusions:

  • RNase-7 plays a role in ocular surface defense and inflammation.
  • RNase-7 expression in response to IL-1β is specifically mediated by MAPK signaling pathways.
  • NF-κB signaling is not involved in the regulation of RNase-7 expression by IL-1β in this context.