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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
Photosystems contain many pigment molecules, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, arranged in a particular organization across two domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution
09:20

Whole-mount Retinal Organoid Visualization with Cellular Resolution

Published on: June 20, 2025

[Formation of the photosensing system function in early development].

I M Sheĭman, N D Kreshchenko, M V Netreba

    Biofizika
    |October 26, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Planarian eye regeneration enables light avoidance (negative phototaxis) but doesn't correlate with eye structure recovery. Functional phototaxis returns two days after eye-brain connection, suggesting early gene involvement.

    Area of Science:

    • * Developmental Biology
    • * Neurobiology
    • * Regenerative Medicine

    Context:

    • * Planarian flatworms possess simple, yet functional, eyes crucial for survival.
    • * Investigating eye regeneration provides insights into sensory system development and function.
    • * Understanding negative phototaxis aids in studying light-mediated behaviors.

    Purpose:

    • * To study the function of simple prototypic eyes in planarian species Girardia tigrina and Polycelis tenuis.
    • * To investigate negative phototaxis during eye regeneration in intact and fragmented planarians.
    • * To determine the correlation between phototactic responses and the structural/neurological recovery of regenerated eyes.

    Summary:

    • * Negative phototaxis was studied in intact and regenerating planarians (Girardia tigrina, Polycelis tenuis).

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    Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

    Published on: June 19, 2016

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    Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo
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    Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

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  • * Regenerating fragments showed distinct light response recovery patterns.
  • * Phototaxis recovery was independent of eye structure, number, ganglion maturation, blastema growth, or motor system restoration.
  • * Functional phototaxis resumed two days post-eye-brain connection.
  • * The study discusses the role of conserved and novel genes in early eye development and function.

    • Impact:

    • * Reveals that functional phototaxis in planarians is linked to neural connections rather than solely eye morphology.
    • * Provides a model for studying sensory regeneration and the genetic basis of early eye development.
    • * Informs research on neural regeneration and the evolution of visual systems.