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The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Investigating the Potential of Singly Curved Thin Piezoelectric Transducers for Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring

Investigating the Potential of Singly Curved Thin Piezoelectric Transducers for Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring

Published on: November 14, 2025

A piezoelectric bone-conduction bending hearing actuator.

R B A Adamson¹, M Bance, J A Brown

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, SENSELab, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Room 3189, Dickson Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H2Y9, Canada. rob.adamson@dal.ca

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

|October 26, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new piezoelectric bone-conduction actuator offers a novel approach for hearing aids. This device, designed for subcutaneous implantation, efficiently stimulates bone, potentially improving bone-anchored hearing aid technology.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Audiology
Materials Science

Background:

Conventional bone-anchored hearing aids often use electromagnetic actuators or direct force application.
There is a need for novel actuator designs that are efficient and suitable for subcutaneous implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a prototype of a novel bone-conduction hearing actuator.
To evaluate the efficiency of a piezoelectric bending actuator for bone conduction.

Main Methods:

Development of a prototype piezoelectric bending actuator.
Testing the actuator's performance by measuring cochlear velocity in embalmed human heads.

Main Results:

The prototype actuator lies flat against the skull, suitable for subcutaneous implantation.
The actuator demonstrated high efficiency in generating cochlear velocity.
The device utilizes a local bending moment, differing from conventional point-force methods.

Conclusions:

The developed piezoelectric bending actuator shows promise as an alternative to current electromagnetic bone-vibration actuators.
This technology could form the basis for next-generation subcutaneous bone-anchored hearing aids.