Apoptosis signaling kinases: from stress response to health outcomes

Kohsuke Takeda1, Isao Naguro, Hideki Nishitoh

  • 1Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strategic Approach to Drug Discovery and Development in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global Center of Excellence Program and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. takeda@mol.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Insights

This review details apoptosis signaling kinases, crucial regulators of cellular stress responses and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these kinases impacts health outcomes, highlighting their broader physiological roles.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a regulated process vital for multicellular organism development and homeostasis.
  • Caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of apoptosis.
  • Protein kinases also regulate apoptosis sensitivity and cellular stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To catalog apoptosis signaling kinases involved in cellular stress responses.
  • To discuss the roles of these kinases in stress responses.
  • To emphasize health outcomes associated with kinase dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of apoptosis signaling kinases.
  • Analysis of kinase roles in diverse cellular stress responses.
  • Focus on kinase-induced apoptosis and health implications.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis signaling kinases regulate diverse cellular responses beyond apoptosis.
  • These kinases act at multiple steps in apoptosis pathways.
  • Dysregulation of these kinases has significant health consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptosis signaling kinases are critical regulators of cellular stress responses.
  • Understanding their roles is essential for addressing health outcomes.
  • Further research into these kinases can reveal therapeutic targets.

Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...