Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Shortening replacement by emulsion and foam template hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based oleogels in puff pastry dough. Rheological and texture properties.

Current research in food science·2023
Same author

Rheological properties of emulsion templated oleogels based on xanthan gum and different structuring agents.

Current research in food science·2022
Same author

In vivo hydrogen peroxide diffusivity in brain tissue supports volume signaling activity.

Redox biology·2022
Same author

Consensus document for anaesthesiologist-assisted sedation in interventional cardiology procedures.

Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion·2021
Same author

Consensus document for anaesthesiologist-assisted sedation in interventional cardiology procedures.

Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion·2021
Same author

Impact of ethylene degreening treatment on sensory properties and consumer response to citrus fruits.

Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)·2019
Same journal

Acute Rejection Mediated by Preformed Anti-HLA-C Antibody in a Kidney Transplant Patient: A Case Report.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
Same journal

Liver Transplantation for Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Single-Center Experience in a Brazilian Referral Center.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
Same journal

Analysis of the Cost of Maintaining Effective Donors and Nondonors of Organs and Tissues in Intensive Care Units.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
Same journal

Adolescence and Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Impact of Non-Adherence on Mortality: A Single-Center Experience.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
Same journal

Impact of Family-Based Care on the Outcome of Brain Death and Humanization in the Process of Multiple Organ Donation: Case Report.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
Same journal

Karnofsky Performance Status Is Associated with Patient and Graft Survival After Liver Retransplantation.

Transplantation proceedings·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS
08:38

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS

Published on: November 8, 2015

Mycophenolate acid vs mycophenolate mofetil therapy.

I J Sánchez-Lázaro1, L Almenar, L Martínez-Dolz

  • 1Heart Failure and Transplantatio Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain. ignaciosanchezlazaro@gmail.com

Transplantation Proceedings
|October 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) concentration, not mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosage, correlates with kidney function after heart transplantation. Monitoring MPA levels may help evaluate renal function in heart transplant recipients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS
08:38

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS

Published on: November 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a standard immunosuppressant post-heart transplantation (HTx).
  • Traditionally, mycophenolic acid (MPA) levels have not been clinically monitored for efficacy or safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare MMF dosage and MPA concentration in relation to renal function after HTx.
  • To determine if MPA levels offer clinical insights into post-transplant kidney health.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty heart transplant recipients were analyzed over six months.
  • MPA concentrations were measured via immunoassay, independent of MMF dosage adjustments.
  • Renal function was assessed using serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (CrCl), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Main Results:

  • A significant negative correlation was found between MPA concentration and markers of renal function (creatinine, CrCl, GFR).
  • No significant correlation was observed between MMF dosage and renal function parameters.
  • Patient demographics included a mean age of 50 years, with 75.4% males.

Conclusions:

  • MPA concentration, rather than MMF dosage, is significantly associated with renal function post-HTx.
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA may be a reliable strategy for assessing kidney function in heart transplant patients.
  • Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm these findings.