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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification01:25

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification

Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
The reaction requires a base in stoichiometric amounts, which participates in the reaction and is not regenerated later. So, the base acts as a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
09:09

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

A one-step process to a Janus emulsion.

Hida Hasinovic1, Stig E Friberg, Guo Rong

  • 1Ashland Consumer Markets, Lexington, KY, United States.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|October 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created stable Janus emulsions using vegetable oil and silicone fluid with a single emulsification step. Surfactant concentration was key to the unique structure of these high internal phase emulsions.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

Published on: January 25, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Emulsion Technology

Background:

  • High internal phase ratio emulsions (HIPREs) are important in various applications.
  • Janus emulsions, with distinct properties on each droplet hemisphere, offer unique functionalities.
  • Controlling the structure and stability of Janus emulsions remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile method for preparing high internal phase volume ratio (O/W 90/10) Janus emulsions.
  • To investigate the role of surfactant concentration in the formation and stability of these emulsions.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms governing the unique Janus structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-step emulsification using common vibrator equipment.
  • Preparation of Janus emulsions with vegetable oil and silicone fluid.
  • Systematic variation of surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of aqueous high internal phase volume ratio (O/W 90/10) Janus emulsions in one step.
  • Demonstrated a correlation between surfactant concentration and the formation of the unique Janus structure.
  • Identified pair-wise interactions between oil and silicone fluid as crucial for structure formation.

Conclusions:

  • A simple and effective method for producing Janus emulsions with high internal phase ratios was established.
  • Surfactant concentration is a critical parameter controlling the interfacial behavior and stability of Janus emulsions.
  • The findings provide insights into the self-assembly mechanisms of complex emulsion systems.