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Related Concept Videos

Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

10.1K
The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
10.1K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.6K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.7K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.7K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.7K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

5.1K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
5.1K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

9.1K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
9.1K

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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Nascent nitrosylases.

Jonathan S Stamler, Douglas T Hess

    Nature Cell Biology
    |October 26, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Protein S-nitrosylation, previously linked to nitric oxide synthases, is now understood to involve glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) acting as a nuclear nitrosylase. This discovery reveals a novel signal transduction pathway impacting nitric oxide biology and redox signaling.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Signaling

    Background:

    • Protein S-nitrosylation is a crucial post-translational modification regulating protein function.
    • Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have been traditionally recognized as the primary mediators of S-nitrosylation.
    • The precise mechanisms and cellular localization of S-nitrosylation regulation are still under active investigation.

    Discussion:

    • This study identifies S-nitrosylated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a functional nuclear nitrosylase.
    • GAPDH's role extends beyond glycolysis, participating actively in signal transduction cascades.
    • The findings support a model where GAPDH mediates S-nitrosylation within the nucleus, influencing gene expression and cellular responses.

    Key Insights:

    • GAPDH functions as a nuclear nitrosylase, directly mediating protein S-nitrosylation.
    • This highlights a novel mechanism of signal transduction involving regulated S-nitrosylation.
    • Transnitrosylation events involving GAPDH are critical for cellular signaling pathways.

    Outlook:

    • These findings necessitate a re-evaluation of nitric oxide (NO) biology and its signaling networks.
    • The discovery opens new avenues for understanding redox signaling and its role in various physiological and pathological processes.
    • Further research will explore the full spectrum of GAPDH-mediated nitrosylation and its therapeutic implications.