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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Gremlin: an interactive visualization model for analyzing genomic rearrangements.

Trevor M O'Brien1, Anna M Ritz, Benjamin J Raphael

  • 1Computer Science Department, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. trevor@cs.brown.edu

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
|October 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces Gremlin, a new visualization tool for analyzing human and cancer genome rearrangements. Gremlin offers more comprehensive and efficient insights compared to existing methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Data Visualization

Background:

  • Comparative analysis of structural variants and rearrangements in human and cancer genomes is crucial for understanding disease.
  • Existing visualization tools may lack comprehensive data integration and uncertainty visualization capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present, apply, and evaluate a novel, interactive visualization model for comparative analysis of genomic structural variants and rearrangements.
  • To enable continuous scaling of exploration from high-level genome perspectives to low-level rearrangement views while maintaining global context.

Main Methods:

  • Development and implementation of the Gremlin visualization model, featuring multi-scale, linked interactions.
  • Application of Gremlin to four human cancer genome datasets for evaluation.
  • An insight-based evaluation methodology comparing Gremlin to Circos using a user study with computational biologists.

Main Results:

  • Gremlin enables continuous scaling of genomic data exploration, from whole-genome to specific rearrangement views.
  • User study evaluations indicate Gremlin provides more total insights, insights per minute, and more complex insights than Circos.
  • The visualization model effectively integrates data and visualizes uncertainty in genomic rearrangement analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The novel visualization model implemented in Gremlin significantly enhances the analysis of genomic rearrangements.
  • Gremlin offers a superior alternative to the state-of-the-art for visual analysis and exploration of genome rearrangements, particularly in cancer genomics.
  • This approach facilitates deeper understanding and more efficient discovery in complex genomic datasets.