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Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

Subviral Agents

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Enfuvirtide: from basic investigations to current clinical use.

Véronique Joly¹, Kaoutar Jidar, Mercedes Tatay

¹Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Maladies Infectieuses, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France. veronique.joly@bch.aphp.fr

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

|October 28, 2010

Summary

Enfuvirtide, an HIV entry inhibitor, effectively blocks viral fusion but faces challenges from drug resistance. Newer, more convenient drugs may limit its use, though it offers good tolerance and few drug interactions for specific patient groups.

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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

HIV/AIDS research
Antiretroviral therapy
Drug resistance mechanisms

Background:

Drug resistance is a significant hurdle in managing HIV infections.
Enfuvirtide represents a pioneering therapeutic option as an HIV entry inhibitor.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the efficacy and resistance patterns of enfuvirtide.
To define enfuvirtide's role in contemporary HIV treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of MEDLINE and HIV/AIDS conference abstracts (1998-2010).
Search terms included 'enfuvirtide', 'T-20', and 'fusion inhibitor'.

Main Results:

Enfuvirtide inhibits HIV-1 fusion with host cells; it is ineffective against HIV-2.
Clinical trials demonstrate enfuvirtide's efficacy as rescue therapy when combined with other antiretrovirals.
Resistance arises from mutations in the gp41 HR1 region, with single/double mutations conferring high-level resistance.

Conclusions:

Emerging antiretroviral drugs may supersede enfuvirtide due to convenience and activity against resistant strains.
Enfuvirtide remains a viable option for select patients due to its favorable systemic tolerance and minimal drug-drug interactions.