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Related Concept Videos

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function
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Published on: November 29, 2024

Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex.

Waney Squier1, Anna Jansen

  • 1Department Neuropathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. waney.squier@clneuro.ox.ac.uk

Journal of Anatomy
|October 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human cortical malformations are classified by disrupted developmental processes, including proliferation and migration. Examining fetal brains reveals specific pathways, aiding in understanding these complex developmental disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Human cortical malformations are complex developmental disorders.
  • Understanding the specific disrupted pathways is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Early fetal brain examination provides insights into malformation origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human cortical malformations based on disrupted developmental processes.
  • To highlight the importance of fetal brain examination in identifying malformation pathways.
  • To propose new areas of interest for understanding cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human fetal brain examinations.
  • Analysis of genetic and animal model studies.
  • Classification of malformations based on disrupted developmental processes (proliferation, migration, maturation, destructive lesions).

Main Results:

  • Cortical malformations can be classified by disrupted neurodevelopmental processes.
  • Fetal brain examination reveals specific disrupted pathways.
  • A single insult can cause diverse malformation patterns, and multiple insults can lead to similar patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed fetal brain neuropathology is essential for accurate classification.
  • Mature brain pathology and radiological findings may not reflect specific malformation pathways.
  • The meninges-radial glial interface is a potential new focus for understanding cortical development.