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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

Bacterial Transcription

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

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A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

Published on: January 27, 2021

Bacterial small RNA regulators: versatile roles and rapidly evolving variations.

Susan Gottesman¹, Gisela Storz

¹Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. susang@helix.nih.gov

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

|October 29, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) are crucial in bacteria, controlling gene expression through various mechanisms. Their complex evolution involves duplication, horizontal transfer, and origins from other RNA types.

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Area of Science:

Bacteriology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) are vital in bacterial gene expression.
They function through diverse mechanisms, including antisense pairing and protein modulation.
The RNA chaperone Hfq often facilitates sRNA-target interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diverse roles and mechanisms of bacterial sRNAs.
To discuss the evolutionary origins and dynamics of sRNA genes.
To highlight the importance of sRNAs in bacterial regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

Literature review of bacterial sRNA research.
Analysis of sRNA classification and functional mechanisms.
Discussion of evolutionary hypotheses for sRNA gene origins.

Main Results:

Identified three major families of bacterial sRNAs based on regulatory mechanisms.
Highlighted the analogy between some bacterial sRNAs and eukaryotic microRNAs.
Emphasized the role of Hfq in sRNA-target mRNA pairing.

Conclusions:

Bacterial sRNAs are versatile regulators with significant biological impact.
The evolution of sRNAs is complex, involving gene duplication and horizontal transfer.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate sRNA evolution and function.