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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

Norovirus GII.4 strain antigenic variation.

Lisa C Lindesmith¹, Eric F Donaldson, Ralph S Baric

¹Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Journal of Virology

|October 29, 2010

Summary

Noroviruses, a leading cause of gastroenteritis, rapidly evolve their capsid proteins. This antigenic variation helps them evade population immunity, similar to influenza, impacting vaccine development.

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Epidemiology

Background:

Noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis globally.
GII.4 norovirus strains are responsible for 80% of infections and exhibit rapid evolution.
Antigenic variation is hypothesized to be a key factor in GII.4 norovirus persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the antigenic evolution of GII.4 norovirus major capsid proteins.
To test the hypothesis that antigenic variation drives GII.4 norovirus persistence against herd immunity.

Main Methods:

Hyperimmunization of mice with virus-like particles (VLPs) of early (1987) and contemporary (2006) GII.4 strains.
Characterization of monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactivity against a panel of GII.4 VLPs spanning 1987-2008.

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Assessment of MAb-mediated blockade of VLP-ligand binding.

Main Results:

MAbs against the 1987 strain showed limited reactivity to VLPs post-2002.
MAbs against the 2006 strain recognized a broader range of VLPs but failed to recognize strains from 2007-2008.
Antibodies from 2006 strains primarily blocked homotypic binding, with reduced efficacy against earlier strains.

Conclusions:

Direct evidence demonstrates significant antigenic evolution in GII.4 norovirus capsid proteins.
This variation likely serves to overcome population herd immunity, ensuring viral persistence.
Understanding norovirus antigenic variation is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics.