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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Coagulation01:09

Coagulation

The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
During the coagulation phase, clotting factors, or procoagulants, play a vital role in initiating and progressing the coagulation cascade. This cascade is a series of reactions...
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

Blood clotting or coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which ultimately merge into the common pathway, forming a fibrin clot.
The Extrinsic Pathway
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is typically initiated by tissue damage that exposes blood to tissue factor (TF), a protein released by the damaged tissue cells outside the blood vessels—this interaction with TF triggers biochemical reactions involving specific clotting factors. The key player here is Factor VII, which forms a...
Introduction to Hemostasis01:05

Introduction to Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It's crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system, as it ensures that our blood remains fluid while still within the vascular network and yet clots to prevent blood loss upon vessel injury.
The three phases of hemostasis involve many clotting factors present in plasma and several substances released by platelets and injured tissue cells. It is a fast, localized, and...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis01:16

Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

After a fibrin clot is formed, the next step is clot retraction, a vital process facilitated by platelet contractile proteins, such as actin and myosin. These proteins pull the fibrin strands closer together and condense the clot. This action reduces the size of the clot, creating a smaller, denser structure that effectively seals off the damaged vessel. Clot retraction consolidates the clot and helps with wound healing by bringing the edges of the damaged blood vessel closer together.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood
07:08

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood

Published on: September 5, 2017

Coagulation in vertebrates with a focus on evolution and inflammation.

Russell F Doolittle1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA. rdoolittle@ucsd.edu

Journal of Innate Immunity
|October 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The evolution of blood clotting and inflammatory systems, both crucial for survival, progressed in parallel. Bioinformatics analysis reveals their increasing complexity from early vertebrates to mammals, despite independent origins.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood
07:08

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood

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Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo
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Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

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In Vitro Microfluidic Disease Model to Study Whole Blood-Endothelial Interactions and Blood Clot Dynamics in Real-Time
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In Vitro Microfluidic Disease Model to Study Whole Blood-Endothelial Interactions and Blood Clot Dynamics in Real-Time

Published on: May 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The development of a functional thrombin-generating system for hemostasis is vital for preventing blood loss.
  • Inflammatory responses, mediated by molecules like bradykinin, are essential for host defense and tissue repair.
  • Parallel evolution suggests interconnectedness or shared selective pressures between distinct biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-evolutionary trajectory of the blood coagulation and inflammatory systems.
  • To determine the evolutionary origins and diversification of gene families associated with thrombin generation and bradykinin pathways.
  • To assess the complexity of these systems across different vertebrate lineages using bioinformatics.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of gene presence and absence across a wide range of species.
  • Comparative genomics to trace the evolutionary history of genes involved in coagulation and inflammation.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to establish the independent or dependent origins of these systems.

Main Results:

  • The thrombin-generating system for clot formation and bradykinin-dependent inflammatory responses evolved in parallel.
  • Gene inventories indicate a progressive increase in the complexity of both systems from jawless fish to mammals.
  • Evidence suggests that while the earliest components may be present in protochordates, the systems developed independently.

Conclusions:

  • The blood clotting and inflammatory systems represent independent evolutionary innovations that became increasingly sophisticated over time.
  • Their parallel evolution highlights the intricate interplay between hemostasis and immunity throughout vertebrate history.
  • Bioinformatics provides a powerful tool for dissecting the evolutionary pathways of complex biological systems.