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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes

Published on: August 24, 2017

A two-solar-mass neutron star measured using Shapiro delay.

P B Demorest¹, T Pennucci, S M Ransom

¹National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22093, USA. pdemores@nrao.edu

|October 29, 2010

Summary

Neutron stars contain the universe's densest matter. A massive neutron star, 1.97 times the Sun's mass, was discovered, ruling out exotic matter theories and suggesting strongly interacting quarks.

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Area of Science:

* Astrophysics
* Nuclear Physics
* General Relativity

Background:

* Neutron stars represent the densest observable matter, with uncertain compositions and properties.
* Measuring neutron star mass and radius is crucial for constraining the equation of state and testing theoretical models.
* Previous mass measurements were insufficient to exclude exotic matter compositions.

Purpose of the Study:

* To precisely measure the mass of a neutron star using the Shapiro delay.
* To constrain the equation of state for matter within neutron stars.
* To test theoretical models of neutron star composition, including exotic matter candidates.

Main Methods:

* Utilized radio timing observations of the binary millisecond pulsar J1614-2230.
* Analyzed the Shapiro delay signature, a general-relativistic effect caused by spacetime curvature.
* Inferred the masses of the neutron star and its binary companion with high precision.

Main Results:

* Determined the mass of the neutron star in J1614-2230 to be 1.97 ± 0.04 solar masses.
* This mass measurement excludes nearly all proposed equations of state involving hyperons or boson condensates.
* The findings imply that if quark matter exists in such massive stars, quarks must be strongly interacting.

Conclusions:

* The discovery of a massive neutron star challenges existing theories about the composition of ultra-dense matter.
* The results strongly disfavor models with exotic, non-nucleonic matter components like hyperons or boson condensates.
* The data suggest that quark matter, if present, must exhibit strong interactions, ruling out a free quark state.