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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
Published on: February 12, 2015
A case-control study of bidi smoking and bronchogenic carcinoma
R Prasad1, R C Ahuja, S Singhal
1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chatrapati Sahuji Maharaj Medical University (Erstwhile K.G. Medical University), Lucknow, India. rprasad2@rediffmail.com
Objective:
To evaluate the risks imposed by tobacco smoking, in particular, bidi smoking, in the development of lung cancer.
Methods:
Two hundred eighty-four histologically confirmed patients of bronchogenic carcinoma and 852 controls matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status were interviewed according to a predesigned questionnaire. Effects of individual variables defining the various aspects of tobacco smoking, in particular, bidi smoking, were assessed using logistic regression models.
Results:
81.3% cases of bronchogenic carcinoma were ever smokers as compared with 42.2% among controls. The odd ratios for ever smoking, bidi smoking, and cigarette smoking were 5.9 (confidence interval [CI] 4.3, 8.4), 6.1 (CI 4.3, 8.7), and 5.3 (CI 2.7, 10.4), respectively.
Conclusion:
Bidi smoking poses a very high risk for lung cancer even more than that of cigarette smoking.
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