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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration02:35

Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

Overview
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

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[Nitrous oxide in dental anesthesia: facts about its introduction in Spain].

Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion·1991
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
11:02

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Published on: July 9, 2015

[Antionio Morales Perez and thermal etherization].

C Hervás Pujal1, M Cahisa Mur

  • 1Hospital Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona.

Revista Espanola De Anestesiologia Y Reanimacion
|September 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Interest in ether anesthesia resurged in late 19th-century Europe. This paper details surgeon Antonio Morales's thermic etherization method and his innovative device for heating anesthetic vapors.

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Medical History
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • The late 19th century saw a revival of interest in ether as an anesthetic agent in Europe.
  • This period followed a significant decline in its use, marking a notable shift in anesthetic practices.

Discussion:

  • This paper focuses on the specific anesthetic method developed by Spanish surgeon Antonio Morales.
  • Morales's technique, termed 'thermic etherization,' involved heating anesthetic vapors.
  • The study examines the evolution of his method and the associated device.

Key Insights:

  • Antonio Morales developed a unique approach to ether anesthesia by incorporating vapor heating.
  • His 'thermic etherization' method represents a specific advancement within the broader category of heated anesthetic techniques.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Published on: July 9, 2015

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

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  • The paper analyzes the design and subsequent modifications of Morales's specialized apparatus.

    • Outlook:

    • Understanding historical anesthetic techniques like Morales's thermic etherization offers insights into the development of modern anesthesia.
    • Further research into historical surgical devices can illuminate past innovations and their impact on patient care.
    • This historical perspective contributes to the broader narrative of anesthetic safety and efficacy evolution.