Gastrointestinal effects of contaminated mussels and putative antidotes thereof

A recent outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in Atlantic Canada was characterized by severe gastrointestinal and central nervous system pathology. We examined the gastrointestinal effects of an acidic extract of blue mussels contaminated with domoic acid, the suspected toxin responsible for the ASP. We also tested the gastric effects pure domoic acid as well as a putative antagonist of neuroexcitant amino acid receptors, kynurenic acid. Mussel extract produced gastric (antral) ulcers, duodenal ulcers, gastric and duodenal hyperemia and bleeding, as well as peritoneal ascites. Kynurenic acid protected significantly against extract-induced gastropathy, particularly when given 60 or 75 minutes after extract. Pure domoic acid resulted in fatalities in all infant mice tested. These animals exhibited gastric bleeding and hemorrhage, especially at the higher doses employed. In otherwise untreated rats, kynurenic acid exerted significant anti-stress ulcer and anti-gastric secretory effects, but was less effective at blocking ethanol-induced gastric lesions. We suggest that there may be both peripheral as well as central effects of kynurenic acid in modulating normal and pathological gastric function.