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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...

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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization
05:54

Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization

Published on: September 8, 2023

Polarization effects in 4Pi microscopy.

Colin J R Sheppard1, Wei Gong2, Ke Si3

  • 1Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.

Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)
|October 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores 4Pi microscopy imaging, revealing improved transverse resolution by up to 25% and discussing polarization effects for enhanced atomic physics applications.

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization
05:54

Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization

Published on: September 8, 2023

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Optical microscopy
  • Atomic and molecular physics

Background:

  • 4Pi microscopy offers superior axial imaging.
  • Understanding apodization and polarization effects is crucial for optimizing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of apodization and polarization on 4Pi microscopy.
  • To compare different 4Pi microscopy implementations.
  • To investigate potential applications in atomic physics.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of performance parameters for 4Pi microscopy.
  • Comparison of imaging performance with different polarization states (plane vs. radial).
  • Analysis of electric energy density at the focus.

Main Results:

  • 4Pi microscopy geometry improves transverse resolution by up to 25% compared to single-lens focusing.
  • Radially polarized illumination enhances transverse resolution by ~18% but reduces axial resolution.
  • Electric dipole polarization increases focal electric energy density.

Conclusions:

  • 4Pi microscopy provides significant improvements in both axial and transverse resolution.
  • Polarization control offers a method to tune resolution trade-offs in 4Pi microscopy.
  • Optimized 4Pi systems have implications for atomic physics experiments.