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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Epigenetic reprogramming in plant and animal development.

Suhua Feng1, Steven E Jacobsen, Wolf Reik

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic reprogramming resets the genome in germ cells and early embryos, involving DNA demethylation and histone remodeling. This process is crucial for development, inheritance, and totipotency across species.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone marks, are generally stable in somatic cells.
  • However, significant epigenetic reprogramming occurs in germ cells and early embryos.
  • This reprogramming involves genome-wide erasure of epigenetic marks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming.
  • To understand the roles of epigenetic reprogramming in development and inheritance.
  • To compare reprogramming strategies in different organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating DNA demethylation pathways, including modifications to 5-methylcytosine.
  • Studying DNA repair mechanisms involved in epigenetic erasure.
  • Analyzing the roles of small RNAs and histone mark inheritance.

Main Results:

  • Mechanisms for genome-wide erasure of DNA methylation are being uncovered.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming is essential for processes like imprinting and totipotency acquisition.
  • Small RNAs and histone marks may play roles in epigenetic inheritance and reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming is a fundamental process in reproduction and development.
  • Similarities and differences in reprogramming between plants and mammals highlight diverse strategies.
  • Understanding reprogramming is key to fields ranging from developmental biology to transgenerational inheritance.